Vision 2020: strategy and need to create value

The vision

"To achieve a sustainable social market economy, a smarter and greener economy, Europe needs to promote key, agreed priorities and to work on delivering them over several years. No single Member State can successfully address these challenges alone. Nor is EU policy simply the addition of 27 national policies. By acting together on a common vision, we can make the whole more than the sum of its parts. This is an agenda for all Member States, large and small, old and new, highly developed and still developing: the enlarged EU consists of different levels of development and therefore different needs. But the EU 2020 vision is relevant to all of them and can be adapted to different starting points and different national specificities so as to promote growth for all."

In short, the realization of the EU 2020 vision demands of all member states to enter an enormous 'cultural adaptation process' in anticipation of future needs and to meet requirements as set forth by EU guidelines expressed in various policy measures.

The strategy for the EU in 2020

Europe 2020 is the EU's growth strategy for the coming decade is based on two major premises:

In a changing world, the EU wants to become a smart, sustainable and inclusive economy. It is assumed that these three goals are mutually reinforcing priorities which can help the EU and the Member States deliver high levels of employment, productivity and social cohesion.

By setting five objectives - on employment, innovation, education, social inclusion and climate/energy - to be reached by 2020, it is claimed that the common agenda is flexible enough so that each Member State can adopt accordingly its own national targets in each of these areas. The aim is that concrete actions at EU and national levels underpin the strategy.

Source: http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm

Economic governance to reinforce - employment - productivity - social cohesion	Smart through more effective investments in education, research and innovation	Sustainable thanks to a decisive move towards a low-carbon economy	Inclusive economy with a strong emphasis on job creation and poverty reduction
Sustainable development	Smart growth Digital agenda for Europe Innovation Union Youth on the move	Sustainable growth Resource efficient Europe An industrial policy for the globalisation era	Inclusive growth An agenda for new skills and jobs European platform against poverty
Employment
Innovation
Education
Social inclusion
Climate / energy

Given 5 targets for the EU in 2020

Employment
- 75% of the 20-64 year-olds to be employed
R&D / innovation
- 3% of the EU's GDP (public and private combined) to be invested in R&D/innovation
Climate change / energy
- greenhouse gas emissions 20% (or even 30%, if a satisfactory international agreement can be achieved to follow Kyoto) lower than 1990
- 20% of energy from renewables
- 20% increase in energy efficiency
Education
- Reducing school drop-out rates below 10%
- at least 40% of 30-34–year-olds completing third level education (or equivalent)
Poverty / social exclusion
- at least 20 million fewer people in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion

Economic governance

Each Member State can adopt own national targets in each of these areas while concrete actions at EU and national levels should underpin a common strategy designed to improve 'economic governance'. This has to entail coordination between the various levels.

Sustainable development

The strategy is justified by the claim that everything shall be done to achieve 'sustainable development'.

Source: http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm (accessed last: 16.11.2012)

Working out the strategy in a period of acute crisis

Still BBC's Europe business reporter Nigel Cassidy thinks that delivering economic growth in the face of spending cuts and continued anxiety on the debt and currency markets, is not going to be easy.

Statement in COMMISSION WORKING DOCUMENT

CONSULTATION ON THE FUTURE "EU 2020" STRATEGY
(Text with EEA relevance)

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Brussels, 24.11.2009
COM(2009)647 final
COMMISSION WORKING DOCUMENT
CONSULTATION ON THE FUTURE "EU 2020" STRATEGY

"This is a time of deep transformation for Europe. The worst economic and financial crisis in decades has hit Europe hard with a sharp economic contraction. The unemployment rate is set to rise to double digit figures in 2010, a level not seen for a decade. Collective action to save the financial system and to boost demand and confidence through public intervention has helped to prevent an economic meltdown. However, the crisis has weakened our resilience. The EU now needs to make a stronger effort to work together to make a successful exit from the crisis and to shape the next generation of public policies in a very different set of circumstances. The exit from the crisis should be the point of entry into a new sustainable social market economy, a smarter, greener economy, where our prosperity will come from innovation and from using resources better, and where the key input will be knowledge. These new drivers should help us tap into new sources of sustainable growth and create new jobs to offset the higher level of unemployment our societies are likely to face in the coming years. However,
we will only succeed if we design and implement a bold policy response. Otherwise the risk is a period of low growth which can only make it harder for Europe to tackle the major challenges we face today. Delivering this sustainable growth requires agreement to an agenda that puts people and responsibility first. The efforts of a decade which resulted in a reduction of unemployment from 12% to 7% in the EU risk being undone by the crisis. We need new sources of growth to
replace the jobs lost in the crisis. This new approach needs to take advantage of a world of globalisation and interdependence which the crisis has underlined still further. The EU needs to work both at home an in international fora like the G20 to seize the new opportunities essential to reach our 2020 objectives. EU 2020 is being designed as the successor to the current Lisbon Strategy, which has been the EU's reform strategy for the last decade and has helped the EU to weather the storm of the recent crisis. EU 2020 builds on its achievements as a partnership for growth and job creation, and renewing it to meet new challenges. It also draws on the benefits that have flowed from the coordinated response to the crisis in the European Economic Recovery Plan. The Commission considers that EU 2020 should focus on key policy areas where collaboration between EU and Member States can deliver the best results, and on improved delivery through better use of the instruments at hand. The purpose of this consultation paper is to seek the views of the other Institutions and stakeholders on a new approach. The Commission intends to adopt a formal Communication addressed to the Spring European Council early in 2010. The successful delivery of the 2020 vision relies on a partnership for progress, combining Member States' commitment to take
action at national level, and the harnessing of Community instruments to make the most of the potential at EU level. In its Communication, the Commission will therefore set out both the action it considers needs to be taken at national level, and the detailed proposals for action that it will propose at Community level."

Recognising constraints and facing new challenges

"A successful EU 2020 strategy must be built on a good analysis of the constraints facing policy makers in the coming years, and on the correct identification of the challenges to be tackled."

"The financial and economic crisis has taken a heavy toll on public finances, businesses, employment and households. At all levels, public policy makers will have to find ways of triggering economic dynamism with limited budgetary margin for manoeuvre. As public sector deficits are brought back under control, public expenditure needs to be reshaped in ways that enable us to reach the 2020 vision. Cutting spending in forward-looking areas such as education and research would make this more difficult to achieve. In developing a new vision and direction for EU policy, we need to recognise that conserving energy, natural resources and raw materials, using them more efficiently and increasing
productivity will be the key drivers of the future competitiveness of our industry and our economies."

"We also need to recognise the challenge presented by European demography: even prior to the crisis, the change in our demography, with a lower proportion of young people in the overall population, was expected to result in a substantially reduced potential growth by 2020. The crisis has exacerbated the long-term social challenges Europe faces today, such as the integration of an increasing immigrant population, social exclusion and child poverty, and solidarity between generations in the context of an ageing society. In order to meet these challenges, employment rates of both men and women will have to rise rapidly and social
protection systems will have to be modernised so that they provide an affordable response to the future needs of our society."

"This implies that new policies must demonstrably contribute to social cohesion, tackling unemployment and fostering social inclusion while securing well performing labour markets. This requires rethinking education systems and labour markets, enhancing mobility and boosting Europe’s dynamism to unleash our innovative and creative potential. The challenge of becoming a smarter, greener economy will require increased policy coordination to make the economy more competitive. Our social, economic and environmental objectives must go hand in hand if we are to deliver on our thematic priorities for 2020. In this paper, the Commission is seeking views on how the EU can set its priorities in a ten year horizon that will allow the EU and national levels to work together to move
beyond the current crisis and to mobilise new sources of growth, ensuring social and territorial cohesion, in line with the basic principles of the new Lisbon Treaty."

The key priorities for EU 2020

"To achieve a sustainable social market economy, a smarter and greener economy, Europe needs to promote key, agreed priorities and to work on delivering them over several years. No single Member State can successfully address these challenges alone. Nor is EU policy simply the addition of 27 national policies. By acting together on a common vision, we can make the
whole more than the sum of its parts. This is an agenda for all Member States, large and small, old and new, highly developed and still developing: the enlarged EU consists of different levels of development and therefore different needs. But the EU 2020 vision is relevant to all of them and can be adapted to different starting points and different national specificities so as to promote growth for all."

Needless to say a social market economy hardly exists, in particular in those countries which have faced since 2009 a crisis and therefore were forced to adopt such austerity measures which are anti social and anti environment. The call for economic growth is made without any critical evaluation as to what contributed to the crisis. It includes an artificial demand for housing which collapsed once the financial system was overburdened by outstanding debts. Still today, Greece is facing a time bomb with regards to what private lenders owe to the banks. There is no concept for coordination in place on how to deal with these outstanding debts. Policy is reduced to a mix of calming the waters and management of expectations, so as to have at least some modest claims of success with regards to these austerity measures. But when considering their impact in terms of people thrown into poverty, a youth deprived of working experiences and a society no longer able to take a critical stance against such economic measures which would but mean environmental destruction, there can hardly be talk of a governance linked to a wise use of common resources.

Most telling is that in Greece, there is on the table a new law for coastal zone development which seeks to repudiate the common law giving to everyone the Right to have access to the sea. If that is replaced by granting building rights to private owners, then this seeming economic success of attracting foreign investments is done at a huge cost not only in terms of environmental criteria, but it destroys a cultural basis for any consensus about future use of common resources.

One reason for this apparent contradiction is that the EU Commission seems unable or unwilling to work out these policy contradictions with here the emphasis on economic growth to get out of the crisis and there the advocacy of such policy measures which go completely against what has been attempted to create over the past twenty or more years, namely an awareness for both cultural and environmental factors. A failure may also be due to the lack of a philosophical answer to the question but what is a viable just society. (1)

Instead the European Commission clings onto the Lisbon goal of establishing a knowledge economy which is highly competitive and able to succeed in a global economy:

"Huge opportunities exist for people and for businesses if they are equipped to take them. The Commission's aim is for Europe to lead, compete and prosper as a knowledge-based, connected, greener and more inclusive economy, growing fast and sustainably, creating high levels of employment and social progress. To achieve this, Europe needs a strengthened and competitive industrial base, a modern service sector and a thriving agriculture, rural economy, and maritime sector. As ‘first mover’ in building this society of the future, Europe can derive
important benefits by developing competitive, innovative products, rolling out the
infrastructures of the future, entering new markets and creating new, high-quality jobs. But the benefits go much wider. A Europe that is open to the world will continue to be a model for others to follow, projecting its values and fostering stronger labour, environmental, and safety standards around the globe. In this way, the EU can show global leadership in demonstrating that – with the right policy framework in place and making full use of the new actors and structures offered by the Lisbon Treaty – it is possible to combine the openness needed to ensure ongoing economic dynamism with respect for the social and environmental
concerns of our citizens."

Hence the Commission considers that the key drivers of EU 2020 should be thematic, focused on the following priorities:

Creating value by basing growth on knowledge. Opportunity and social cohesion will be enhanced in a world where innovation makes the difference in both products and processes, harnessing the potential of education, research and of the digital economy;
Empowering people in inclusive societies. The acquisition of new skills, fostering creativity and innovation, the development of entrepreneurship and a smooth transition between jobs will be crucial in a world which will offer more jobs in exchange for greater adaptability;
Creating a competitive, connected and greener economy. The EU should compete more effectively and increase its productivity by a lower and more efficient consumption of non-renewable energy and resources in a world of high energy and resources prices, and greater competition for energy and resources. This will stimulate growth and help meet our environmental goals. It will benefit all sectors of the economy, from traditional manufacturing to new hi-tech start ups. Upgrading and inter-connecting infrastructure, reducing administrative burden and accelerating the market uptake of innovations will equally contribute to this goal. These priorities will guide EU policy making inside the EU and externally. The promotion of international co-operation and multilateral governance, including efficient, fair and rules based international trade and finance systems, will be an integral part of EU 2020.

The Commission is seeking views on the following priorities which it considers to be the key drivers of EU 2020.

1. Creating value by basing growth on knowledge

Knowledge is the engine for sustainable growth. In a fast-changing world, what makes the difference is education and research, innovation and creativity.

Strengthening education is one of the most effective ways of fighting inequality and poverty. The high number of low achievers in basic skills (reading, mathematics and science) needs to be addressed urgently to enhance the employability of young people and to bring them into the world of work after school. Preventing early school leaving reduces future exclusion fromthe labour market and the threat of future social exclusion.
A greater emphasis on vulnerable groups, gender equality and social cohesion is needed to ensure that no one is excluded from knowledge. Europe has some of the best universities in the world. But our ambition should be to have many more and turn them into a true engine for knowledge and growth.
This will not only require investment but also reforms and where necessary consolidation, closer co-operation, including with business, and a more open attitude to change.
To assist in this process of change, European universities should be benchmarked against the best universities in the world.
Raising the quality of Europe's universities and of their research should go hand in hand with greater mobility of students to acquire new knowledge and languages, gaining experience living and studying abroad and building networks. A new phase in the existing programmes Erasmus, Leonardo and Erasmus Mundus should be considered, complemented by national initiatives, giving all young people in Europe the possibility to spend part of their educational pathway in other Member States.
An efficient, effective and well-resourced European Research Area is an indispensible part of the EU 2020 vision. The EU needs to increase its research efforts by pooling resources, jointly developing major research infrastructures across the EU and raising research quality to worldleading standards.
It also needs to maximise and accelerate the practical benefits of research for Europe's businesses and SMEs - including through major public-private partnerships.
The attractiveness and performance of Europe as a research location also depends on creating an internal market and attractive career prospects for researchers.
The way forward is a research partnership between the EU and Member States which maximises synergy with other policy areas especially innovation and education.
The EU needs to provide more attractive framework conditions for innovation and creativity, including through incentives for the growth of knowledge-based firms.
Access to credit is a particular problem, not only in the aftermath of the crisis but because some new sources of growth such as the creative industries need new types of financing adapted to their business models. Innovative firms should be able to have access to pooled public and private sources of growth capital, for example venture capital; this needs to be coupled with administrative simplification and technical support to promote the incubation and growth of small innovative firms.
A well-functioning system of intellectual property rights, which allows for efficient and costeffective protection, enables innovative business start-ups, provides authors with a transparent management of their rights, and helps universities and research institutions to raise capital through the commercialisation of their ideas and inventions is needed to develop the creativity, knowledge and research capacity in Europe.
Building on its strengths in technology and knowledge, Europe should tap fully the potential of the digital economy. The digital economy offers great opportunities for SMEs, both in the production and services sectors, in their own right and as suppliers to larger companies. New innovative start-ups generate new, often high value jobs right across the EU. They can play an important role in regional development. That is why an ambitious European Digital Agenda that takes concrete steps towards the completion of an Online Single Market will be a key element in Europe's sustainable economic recovery and social development.
The productivity gains involved will stimulate innovation and creativity; make government services easier and more efficient to deliver, and increase the opportunities for participation and democratic expression. Internet access is becoming necessary for citizens to play a full part in daily life. Europe needs effective policies on digital inclusion and skills, and to encourage active participation and expression over the net.
The aim for 2020 is to achieve a genuine European Knowledge Area, underpinned by a world-class knowledge infrastructure, in which all actors (students, teachers, researchers, education and research institutions and enterprises) benefit from the free circulation of people, knowledge and technology (the 5th freedom).

2. Empowering people in inclusive societies

Economic spinning out of control / kinds of job creations after the crisis:

The European Commission states that "in the post-crisis economy, many of the jobs that have been destroyed will not be replaced", and goes on to repeat the well known formula, namely that "the transformation of the EU into a smarter, greener, more competitive economy will boost new job creation and respond to high levels of unemployment." What is not stated, but implicit in the crisis are not merely wage reductions or keeping wages from keeping up with profit increases - see here the entire impact of the Hartz IV Reform process in Germany - but a way to keep personal costs under control, and this for the sake of inflationary ways of gaining incomes by letting money do the work. The new working atmosphere is much more negative and even deterimental to the workers' health and sanity. This is because new managerial concepts linked to an elitist concept of education overshadows almost every effort to safeguard workers' Rights and to bring democracy into the work place.

Little has been learned out of the failure of reforming the Commission itself with such issues as the Right to take initiatives, whistle blower, proper consultation processes, access to decision making and learning how criteria for evaluation purposes are applied etc. still the same as they were in 2000 when a major attempt at reform was initiated by Mr. Kinnock in the Prodi cabinet.

Awareness for the negative effects does exist. There is drafted an entire list of problems in need to be faced:

"But while this transition takes place, major efforts will be essential to prevent people falling out of the system, being excluded, and to ensure social cohesion.
In fact, new patterns are emerging where there are several entries in and exits from the labour market during a working life, instead of the traditional sequence (education, work, and retirement), offering more opportunities to people.
This requires a framework to organise these transitions and support them, possibly building on some of the measures adopted during the crisis (e.g. short time work combined with training).
New jobs requiring new skills will be created.
Transition between jobs, between training and jobs will have to be managed. This is where flexicurity should be deployed to the full. The challenge is to find the best way to enhance on the one hand, the flexibility of labour markets both on work organisation and on labour relations, and on the other hand, the security provided by lifelong learning and appropriate social protection.
Life long learning needs to be much more accessible and universities should be more open to non-typical learners. Skills are the key element for Europe's economic and productivity growth and for job creation. Life long learning is the key element to ensure good transition between jobs and occupations, and in avoiding long-term unemployment leading to loss of human capital.
The digital economy also offers new opportunities for distance learning as part of a lifelong approach to learning and for forms of communication that are changing the world of work, shrinking distances and making long distance work a real possibility in an increasing number of jobs.
Ensuring that our workers have the skills to contribute to the knowledge-based economy is a necessary, but not sufficient condition.
Supply and demand need to be matched better. Labour mobility must be promoted to ensure that people can take up new opportunities by moving to where their skills are most needed. We should look ahead and match future skills better to future needs, particularly for new types of jobs such as "green" jobs and other growth areas, such as in the health sector.
Finally, despite its substantial contribution to growth, the potential of migration is not fully factored into policy making at EU or national level. Employment rates of immigrants can be improved, particularly for specific categories such as immigrants with low levels of education, women and those recently arrived.

Safety measures proposed:

Having a job is probably the best safeguard against poverty and exclusion. But alone it does not secure a reduction in poverty levels or social inclusion.
Modern social security and pension systems, adapted to the crisis and to the ageing of the European population, will be needed to provide an adequate level of income support and coverage to those temporarily out of work.
Tackling inefficient labour market segmentation is also one way of enhancing social justice.

Re-introduction of the term 'culture'

In order to create more jobs, a more entrepreneurial culture needs to take hold in Europe, with a more positive attitude towards risk-taking and a capacity to innovate.
Self-employment should become a real option for those who may have recently lost their job. But this will require removing disincentives, such as the unequal treatment of the self-employed under most social security systems and disincentives to move to other Member States because of lack of portability of social and pension rights.

The aim for 2020 is more jobs, higher employment rates of the working age population, better jobs, with higher quality and increased productivity, and fairness, security and opportunities, through a real chance for everyone to enter in the labour market, create new companies, and manage labour market transitions through modern and financially sustainable social and welfare systems.

3. Creating a competitive, connected and greener economy
Europe needs to remain competitive in the future world of relatively high energy prices, carbon constraints and significantly greater resource competition. More efficient use of resources, including energy, and the application of new, greener technologies will stimulate growth, create new jobs and services and help the EU both to maintain a strong manufacturing base and a vibrant services sector and to meet its environmental and climate goals. Securing well functioning product, services and labour markets are a pre-condition for success.
Greening the economy is not only about the creation of new industries. It is just as important to accelerate the modernisation of Europe's existing industrial sectors, many of which will already be restructuring in the wake of the crisis. Achieving these objectives will be essential if the EU is to compete in a world where all countries will be looking for solutions to these challenges.
This means using the material inputs in the economy more efficiently, becoming more productive by reducing pressure on resources. This means shifting our economy, through targeted regulation (e.g. promoting energy-efficient products and systems), through emission trading, tax reform, through grants, subsidies and loans, through public investment and procurement policies, and through targeting our research and innovation budgets to this end.
Upgrading and inter-connecting infrastructures and ensuring effective competition of network industries in the single market is key, to improve competitiveness and at the same time deliver tangible benefits for consumers. It is crucial that Europe invests in sustainable high-speed networks. Europe needs 100% broadband coverage as soon as possible, and needs to achieve the roll-out of high speed internet through a massive programme of investment fibre networks and wireless broadband.
Together with the roll-out of high speed internet, the development of smart, upgraded transport and energy infrastructures contributes to multiple objectives including decarbonisation, transport safety, energy security, and the competitiveness of our network economy.
A rethink of transport policy will be needed in order to achieve such a comprehensive shift. Better integration of transport networks, developing alternatives to road transport, promoting clean technologies, and upgrading infrastructure will be essential elements. Big European projects such as Galileo, GMES, and smart road, rail (ERTMS), and air traffic management (SESAR) will play a key role in the integration of transport networks.
By 2030 the EU will have to replace half of its existing electricity plants. If we take the right strategic investment decisions now, two third of our electricity generation could be both low carbon and more secure by the early 2020s. In this context, the development of a European electricity super-grid will enable a considerable increase in the share of renewable electricity and decentralised generation. Improving energy efficiency will also be vital as it is the cheapest way to reduce emissions and, at the same time, to increase the energy independence
of Europe.
Because of its important contribution to growth and jobs creation, and to the development of innovation, a fresh approach to industrial policy is necessary to support industry by putting the emphasis on sustainability, innovation and the human skills needed to keep the EU industry competitive in world markets. Stable and foreseeable framework conditions should help industry tackle the competitive challenges of the future. In the aftermath of the crisis, firms in several sectors will need to tackle structural excess capacities and the EU will need to facilitate restructuring in a socially acceptable way whilst maintaining a level playing field.
This calls for an integrated industrial policy that promotes competitive market mechanisms and develops new sources of sustainable growth with an emphasis on innovation capacity, eco-innovation, new enabling technologies and skills. This transformation will also provide an opportunity to improve the regulatory environment, increase territorial cohesion and promote better conditions for entrepreneurship, foster the development of SMEs and support their growth potential and internationalisation.
In a period of industrial restructuring, state aid policy will play a key role in supporting the transition to a smarter, greener economy. The state aid rules have been overhauled in recent years. European companies have increased productivity and reaped economies of scale by taking up the opportunities offered by the Single Market – now that adjustment is needed in some sectors the Commission will be attentive to ensuring that the Single Market continues to be the basis of EU growth and to combating the risk of national retrenchment.
The aim for 2020 is to meet our agreed objectives on climate change and energy, strengthen our industrial base, fully unlock the potential of SMEs, and respond to the needs of the future, by raising productivity and reducing pressure on resources.

Making it happen: ways out of the crisis

The first task for the EU is obviously to make a successful exit from the crisis, promoting overall exit strategies designed to secure balanced and sustainable growth and sound fiscal policies. The recession and financial strains have had a bigger impact on those countries which were already suffering from major imbalances or policy weaknesses at the onset of the crisis. This diverse situation calls for a differentiated response, raising co-ordination issues.
The spill-over effects of the different responses across countries and policy areas call for effective coordination in the EU. In particular, a level playing field needs to be preserved in the financial and business sectors, and macroeconomic spill-over effects should be considered in the EU coordinated exit strategy.
Financial resources have come under pressure as a result of the crisis. The remaining problems in the financial system therefore need to be solved swiftly in order to support the recovery. Access to credit and efficient financial market supervision will be crucial for the recovery and the transition to the value economy will depend on the availability of capital to finance innovation. New priorities need to be reflected in budgetary policies.
The key challenge is how to balance the continued need for fiscal support to demand in the short run with the need to restore sustainable public finances and macroeconomic stability.
There is a risk that the recovery will be slow, and will not generate sufficient employment growth to bring down high unemployment levels.

Harnessing existing instruments in a new approach
To make a successful exit from the crisis and deliver our EU 2020 objectives, the
Commission considers that we need a strategy for convergence and integration which recognises more explicitly the advanced interdependence of the EU:

Interdependence between Member States in the form of (positive or negative) spill-over effects of national actions, particularly in the Euro-zone;
Interdependence between different levels of government (EU, Member States, regions, social partners - multi-layer governance);
Interdependence between different policies, between policies and instruments and the importance of policy integration to deliver the overall objectives;
Interdependence at global level – none of our Member States is large enough to keep pace with the emerging economies or to undertake this transformation alone.

The challenge of becoming a sustainable social market economy, i.e. an inclusive, smarter, greener economy, will require increased policy co-ordination, better synergies through effective subsidiarity, and strengthened partnership between the EU and Member States in the design and delivery of public policies. The integration of different policy instruments is necessary, linking institutional reforms, better regulation, new initiatives and public investment.

Hatto Fischer

Athens 2012 (revised May 2014)

Footnote:

1. Jürgen Habermas. (2001) "Die Zukunft der menschlichen Natur. Auf dem Weg zu einer liberalen Eugenik?". Frankfurt a. Main: Suhrkamp.

Appendix: Methodology for Monitoring the process

CONTRIBUTION TO SPECIALISED SUBJECTS

Technical writing for the preparation of official documents regarding the procedures of the European Commission

Review of Performance Framework and its implementation

Preparation of support by financial instruments

IT expertise on technical implications of e-Government (exchange of information between beneficiaries and authorities responsible for management and control of operational programmes solely carried out by electronic data exchange)

Strategic and progress reports on 2007-2013: synthesis of national reports, evidence gathering

Quality analysis of ex ante evaluations

EVALUATIONS DURING THE PROGRAMMING PERIOD

Assessment of the quality of ongoing evaluations, including an evaluation of evaluation design, reliability of the data obtained, reliability analysis and credibility, clarity and relevance of the results and conclusions

Ad-hoc analyses of any problem in implementing the programmes

EVALUATION OF THE MACROECONOMIC IMPACT OF PRE-ACCESSION AND STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS

Modelling work aiming at understanding the economic, social, environmental impact of the funds on major aggregates

Quantitative analyses of trade effects of EU aid

Improvement of use of additionality data in the context of Structural Funds (use of national account data)

Use and application of the latest developments in regional economic analysis, concerning especially the impact channels of regional aid on economic growth and job creation in the region and impact on disparities of regions within a Member State and the European Union

PERIOD 2007-2013: THEMATIC ANALYSIS AND EVALUATIONS OF COMMUNITY POLICIES

MAKING EUROPE AND ITS REGIONS MORE ATTRACTIVE PLACES TO INVEST AND WORK

Expand and improve transport infrastructures

Strengthen the synergies between environmental protection and growth, including climate change

Address Europe's intensive use of traditional energy sources

Mobilise the potential of all urban and rural areas

Housing

IMPROVING KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION FOR GROWTH

Increase and improve investment in RTD

Facilitate innovation and direct support to enterprises

Promote the information society for all

MORE AND BETTER JOBS

Attract and retain more people in employment and modernise social-protection systems

Improve adaptability of workers and enterprises and the flexibility of the labour market

Increase investment in human capital through better education and skills

Administrative capacity

Help maintain a healthy labour force

PARTNERSHIP AND OTHER ASPECTS OF THE STRUCTURAL FUNDS' DELIVERY SYSTEMS

TERRITORIAL ISSUES INCLUDING CROSS-BORDER, TRANSNATIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL COOPERATION

PERIOD 2014-2020: ANALYSIS OF THEMATIC OBJECTIVES

Strengthening research, technological development and innovation

Enhancing access to, and use and quality of information and communication technologies

Enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium-sized entrerprises

Supporting the shift towards a low-carbon economy in all sections

Promoting climate change adaptation, risk prevention and management

Protecting the environment and promoting resource efficiency

Promoting sustainable transport and removing bottlenecks and key network infrastructures

Promoting employment and supporting labour mobility

Promoting social inclusion and combating poverty

Investing in education, skills and life-long learning

Enhancing institution capacity and an efficient public administration

ANALYSIS OF EX-ANTE CONDITIONALITIES

Research / Innovation

Digital growth / Next Generation Access Infrastructure

Small Business Act / Think Small First Principle / Combating late payment

Energy efficiency / Renewable Energy

Risk Prevention / Risk Management

Water / Waste sector

Road / Railway

Employment / Labour market

Education / Life-long learning

Active inclusion / Health

Administrative efficiency

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS

Statistical and economic analysis of regional economic and social processes

Regional poverty, social exclusion, social mobility, and income distribution issues

Analysis of the structure and functioning of national and sub-national budgets and public expenditure

Development of composite indicators to assess and measure different dimensions of regional development

Relations between levels of governments in the design and implementation of development policies

Territorial Cohesion

Urban and rural development

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